Demographic developments in western Europe facilitated this “colonization.” The settlers—certain of private freedom, mounted rents, and a few measure of self-administration and running under the so-identified as German Regulation—founded new villages and cities or reorganized aged ones. Cities gained formal charters (Wrocław in 1242, Poznań in 1253, Kraków in 1257) https://polawede.tumblr.com/